What Is a Social Security Number (SSN)?
A Social Security Number is a unique, 9-digit number issued by the Social Security Administration (SSA) to U.S. citizens, permanent residents, and certain temporary residents. It’s used primarily for:
- Tracking earnings and benefits
- Tax reporting
- Identity verification
- Accessing government services
Format of a SSN
A typical SSN looks like this: 123-45-6789
It is structured as:
- Area Number (first 3 digits)
- Group Number (middle 2 digits)
- Serial Number (last 4 digits)
Note: Since 2011, the SSA uses a process called “randomization,” which makes SSNs less predictable and more secure.
How to Get a SSN
For U.S. Citizens:
- Typically assigned at birth
- Parents can request one when applying for a birth certificate
For Non-Citizens:
- Must have legal immigration status and authorization to work in the U.S.
- Apply via Form SS-5 with supporting documents (e.g., passport, visa, work authorization)
Application Process:
- Fill out Form SS-5
- Provide original documents proving age, identity, and lawful status
- Apply in person at a local Social Security office
Where Is Your SSN Used?
- Employment paperwork (W-2s, I-9 verification)
- Tax filing (with IRS)
- Opening bank accounts or applying for credit
- Receiving social benefits (e.g., Medicare, Social Security retirement)
- Applying for a driver’s license or passport (in some states)
Protecting Your SSN
Due to identity theft risks:
- Don’t carry your SSN card unless needed
- Shred documents with your SSN before discarding
- Never share it by email or phone unless you know the recipient is legitimate
- Use strong passwords on financial and government websites
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